Cognitive Behavior Therapy - 1617 Words

Cognitive Behavior Therapy started as Behavior Therapy in 1966 by ten behaviorist who did not agree with the Freudian psychoanalytic model. Behavior Therapy really begins in the early 1900s during the behaviorist movement starting with Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, Thorndike, and Hull along with many other scientists that were primarily dealing with behavior and the observation of behavior. The 1950s two research groups in South Africa were on the way to making behavior therapy a science based therapy based on learning principles (Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies, 2014). The therapeutic approaches of behavior therapy was an extreme withdrawal from the main psychoanalytic view of the time, behavior therapy differed from many other therapeutic approaches because of the many different ways they applied their principles of classical and operant conditioning to a broad spectrum of behavior problems. B.F. Skinner was a very outspoken representative for Behaviorism and is considered the father of Behavioral therapy. Skinner pioneered radical behaviorism which looks at the properties of the surroundings of one’s world to determine why deviant behaviors exist. Skinner was also a determinist he did not believe in free choice even though Skinner admitted feelings and thoughts exist but did not believe they are the cause of our actions he believed that cause and effect were objective and observable conditions he believed mind and motive had been given too muchShow MoreRelatedCognitive Behavior Therapy And Therapy1201 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many that have contributed to cognitive behavior therapy or CBT throughout the years but we are going to focus on the founders of modern day CBT, Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck. Ellis is responsible for the Rational emotive behavior therapy, the first of the CBT in the 1960’s. The bases of REBT is suggest that a patient’ s emotional distressed stems from their thoughts about a traumatic event, and not the event itself. Ellis developed this approach as a means to get over his personal problemsRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy1349 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Behavior Therapy Developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck,  Cognitive Therapy (CT), or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), is a form of psychotherapy in which the therapist and the client work together as a team to identify and solve problems. Therapists help clients to overcome their difficulties by changing their thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. A System of Psychotherapy Cognitive therapy is a comprehensive system of psychotherapy, and treatment is based on an elaborated and empiricallyRead MoreIs Cognitive Behavior Therapy? Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesIs Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) effective in reducing negative body image for adolescent females? The approach that was used to answer the practice question had been to use three different search engines: Google Scholar, PsycINFO, and ProQuest. The search terms used to find sources included body image, cognitive behavior therapy, adolescent female, effective, and treatment. Other search terms included eating disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and intervention. The criteria used to determineRead MoreCognitive Therapy ( Cbt ) Or Cognitive Behavior Therapy963 Words   |  4 PagesCognitive Therapy (CT) or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapy approach to counseling that aims at replacing faulty, unrealistic, or negative thinking patterns and self-defeating beliefs with more accurate, constructive and optimistic patterns that lead to effective understanding and problem solving. CBT like Solution Focused Therapy is a short-term, goal-oriented talk therapy that takes a hands-on, practical approach to problem-solving. CBT perceives problems as stemming from common placeRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy And Mental Therapy865 Words   |  4 PagesThe cognitive behavior therapy initially treated depression, but extensive research has demonstrated that cognitive behavior therapy works to treat many other psychiatric disorders (Corey p.307). For example, phobias, eating disorders, anxiety, panic disorders, borderline personality, posttraumatic stress disorder etc. Additionally, there is evidence from neuroimaging research that CT therapy reduces the activity in the amygdalohippocampal subcortical region and increase the activity in the frontalRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy ( Cbt )857 Words   |  4 Pagesabout a combination of cognitive therapy with behavioral therapy to form CBT (Hansen, 2008). Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) was developed by Aaron Beck in 1967 (field, Beeson, Jones, 2015). In the late mid-1980s, people were still very resistance to the combination of the two therapies, despite the great works of Ellis and Beck (Hansen , 2008). CBT proposed that dysfunctional emotional and behavioral responses were caused directly by dysfunctional thinking, known as cognitive distortions. CBT isRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Theory Of Cognitive Behavior Therapy1756 Words   |  8 PagesTheoretical Analysis Cognitive Behavioral Theory Several prestigious and monumental contributors commenced the development of cognitive behavioral therapy. The four main catalysts have been Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, Judith Beck, and Donald Meichenbaum. Each of these trailblazers lead a different aspect of cognitive behavior therapies. While working through his own personal fears and anxieties, Albert Ellis developed what is now termed rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) and is the firstRead MoreCognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)1559 Words   |  7 PagesAssumptions and Definition Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors, and cognitive processes. This is an effective treatment for patients who are dealing with anxiety and depression. CBT refers to a group of psychotherapies that incorporate techniques from cognitive therapy and behavior therapy. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck are the two psychologists who came up with therapies. Beck developed the cognitive therapy (CT) that focuses on changing theRead MorePsychology : Cognitive Behavior Therapy Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pagesthis assignment, I was very curious to more about the cognitive behavior therapy (cognitive behavior therapy). The video that we will be referring has Dr. Donald Meichenbaum as the therapist and Beverly who is the client and has anxiety. Before Dr. Meichenbaum started the session with Beverly, Dr. Diane and Carlson introduced Dr. Meichenbaum on the show and discussed about cognitive behavior therapy. Dr. Diane describes cognitive behavior therapy that has an empirically based approach. This approachRead MorePsychology : Cognitive Behavior Therapy1322 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: Cognitive Behavior Therapy 2 Cognitive Behavior Therapy Case manager has been working with Ms. Tabitha, who has one child by the name of Michelle, currently 25 years of age, and two deceased twin daughters, as well. Tabitha was diagnosed with having an anxiety disorder, and is taking medication’s to help with her anxiety. Recently, Tabitha failed her housekeeping inspection, and has six months to improve her housekeeping situation, and if she doesn’t, will be evicted from

Plato Essay - 623 Words

Plato Plato was born in Athens to a wealthy family and lived from 429-347 B.C.E. He was Socrates greatest student and held his teacher in such high regard that in most of his works Socrates plays the main character. Some people doubt the existance of Socrates but, like nearly everyone else who appears in Platos works, he is not an invention of Plato: there really was a Socrates (Kraut). Plato wrote many works asking questions about terms such as justice, piety, and immortality to name a few. His works include but are not limited to, The Apology, Crito, Phaedo, Euthyphro, and his most famous work The Republic which was a work about justice. In 387 B.C.E. Plato founded the first great school of antiquity called The Academy. This†¦show more content†¦Eventually, one of the prisoners escape to the outside world and returns to tell the others the truth about what they have been shown and what is really out there. The shadowy environment of the cave symbolizes for Plato the physical world of appearances. Escape into the sun-filled setting outside the cave symbolizes the transition to the real world, the world of full and perfect being, the world of Forms, which is the proper object of knowledge (Encarta). In other words, a person who has intellectual insights is often misunderstood by those who will not accept the fact that things may not be as they appear. Also, those things that the unenlightened person is apt to believe, may only be what the person wants to believe and not what is actually the case. Plato indicates that we must be willing to accept that there may be an underlying meaning to things which only the enlightened may see. Platos Theory of Forms or Ideas states that if something has a particular form, such as that of a cat, then that resemblance is the essence of that animals catness. If all the attributes are the same or similar, then the animal has the correct form for that particular label. Also, according to Plato, these forms or ideas can only be known through reason (Encarta). An individual is human to the extent that he or she resembles or participates in the Form humanness. If humanness is defined in terms of being a rationalShow MoreRelatedPlato And Plato s Republic1119 Words   |  5 PagesThe ancient Greek Philosopher Plato had an interest in finding the ideal government. In Plato’s Republic, he discusses his ideas and views of how this ideal government would function. He believed that people are born into 3 different classes, with different responsibilities (Plato 415a). Only people in the â€Å"golden† class were fit to rule. The most effective of these rulers would be philosophers, as they have knowledge of the good of the whole (Plato 473d). This system seems too perfect for me. IRead MorePlato967 Words   |  4 Pageswould wish the best for a friend regardless of the friend’s usefulness to them or what pleasure he could attain. Having been raised to strive to attain these virtues, the need for a reason to do so becomes poin tless. Another difference is that Plato believes that the best type of good is one that is desirable both in itself and for the sake of its results, while Aristotle says that if X is desired because it brings you to Y, then Y is ultimately better than X. Therefore, the highest good is oneRead MorePlato And Plato s The Apology1623 Words   |  7 Pagesmore interested in determining how the world worked and its origins/cosmology, as oppose to philosophers such as Plato And Socrates who focused more on ethics or morality. Plato’s conception of God and religion can be depicted in his literatures â€Å"Euthyphro† and â€Å"The Apology† which he expresses through his writings of Socrates in dialogue formation. While one may assume that both Plato and Socrates shared analogous notions of God and religion it is impossible to truly know given the Socratic problemRead MoreThe Republic By Plato Vs. Plato1299 Words   |  6 PagesThe Republic by Plato is an vision of an utopian society established through the character of Socrates. Many aspects of Plato’s society appears utopian; however, it can also be viewed dystopian as it is mere subjectiveness. Many of Plato’s arguments apply to current day society; for example, Donald Trump’s rise to power depicts democracy degenerating to despotism. Plato’s Republic is utopian in idealistic terms because the most qualified individual is in charge of society who is able to extend hisRead MoreComparison Between Plato And Plato1101 Words   |  5 Pagesmorality is, how to create justice inside and outside society, the state of nature, equality, and the state of war. They distinguish how the people and government help create a well-oiled society. Comparing Plato to Rousseau, the beginning of philosophy to a more modern perspective. In Crito by Plato, Socrates continues a speech of the Laws of Athens by appealing to a social contract that exists between the Laws and the citizens. By living in Athens, one must abide by the Laws of Athens. Since SocratesRead MorePlato1819 Words   |  8 Pageswinner of the North Award for the best paper in the 2012 Agora. Ben presented an earlier version of this paper at the ACTC Student Conference at Pepperdine University in Malibu, California, in March, 2011.) When reading the Apology and the Crito of Plato, one inevitably comes upon a seeming fundamental contradiction between the two dialogues. The Apology presents readers with a defiant Socrates who declares in his trial that, if acquitted on the condition that he never philosophize again, he wouldRead MorePlato s Symposium, By Plato1273 Words   |  6 PagesIn the book,† Plato’s Symposium,† by Plato, who was a philosopher in Greece, he illustrates the dialectic discussion at a party at Agathon’s to celebrate his triumph of his first tragedy. In the Symposium; the guests Phaedrus, an Athenian aristocrat; Pausanias, the legal expert; Eryximachus, a physician; Aristophanes, eminent comic playwright; Agathon ,a tragic poet and host of the banquet; Socrates, eminent philosopher and Plato s teacher; and Alcibiades, a prominent Athenian statesman, oratorRead MorePlato Vs. Rhetoric : Plato And Rhetoric2524 Words   |  11 PagesPlato and Rhetoric Plato is one of the greatest philosophers in history. Often his words and sayings resonate to this day. But, considering all what Plato has done, what is most peculiar about him is his condemnation of poets and sophists. Plato is in a constant fight to see that the way of true philosophy replaces these false arts. But even much more interesting is that Plato goes even further, and condemns the use of rhetoric, the art of persuasion, as a whole. He not only does this adamantlyRead MoreEssay on Plato1158 Words   |  5 PagesPlato: The Life of Plato Plato was born around 427 BC, in Athens Greece to rich and politically involved family. Platos parents spared no expense in educating him; he was taught at the finest schools. He was taught by Socrates and defended Socrates when he was on trial. Plato traveled to Italy and may have even visited Egypt before founding The Academy. Plato also visited Sicily and instructed a young king there before returning to The Academy to teach for twenty years before his death in 347Read MorePlato Vs Aristotle Vs Plato1814 Words   |  8 PagesPlato and Aristotle had a considerable amount of differences in ideology given that Aristotle was Plato’s student for roughly two decades. Plato, a student of Socrates, opposed the idea of average citizens to participate in politics because he believed that political practice was skill or â€Å"technÄ“ that can only be achieved by a few people. He believed that â€Å"kings must be those among them who have proved best both in philosophy and where war is concerned.† (Republic, 491) and that these â€Å"philosopher

Dating Etiquette and Curfews for Teens Free Essays

Should girls ask out boys? Kindling Marie Saracens If you’re wondering whether a girl can ask out a guy, of course you can, she can. But there are a few things to remember before you take the plunge-It’s natural to like a guy. And it’s natural to want to ask a guy out-And its easy. We will write a custom essay sample on Dating Etiquette and Curfews for Teens or any similar topic only for you Order Now Buyout shouldn’t do it unless you have no other alternative. Should girls ask out a boy? Most guys say they’re completely fine with it when girls ask a guy out. Some guys even say they prefer it because it takes the pressure off of asking a girl out. But ask us, an we’ll tell you the answer, You shouldn’t do it. Now we’re not Ewing uptight or prejudiced about the male species and their ways. But that’s just the way stolen glances and love works. Guys and girls are different in many ways. And especially when it comes to a relationship great guys like good chase. When you tell a guy you like him Xx not really disappointing, but a guy would never understand how special you are. Nor would he understand how much he needs you until he doesn’t have you. It’s too easy, like a free brochure that you get in your mailbox now and then. It goes trait to the bin. If you like a guy, and want him to stick around, you need to make him like you back before you even ask him out. Its quite pointless to walk up to a guy and tell him you like him. And the conversation’s going to sound like this. Girl (nervous): Hire I like you, and I was wondering if we code go out sometime†¦ Boy (sheepish): Ooh, oh†¦ Kay†¦ Sweet! Girl (relieved): How about we go out sometime? Boy (happy): Yeah, sure, how about Saturday night? And then, the girl’s happy and the boys happy too. And the boys goes to his friends. He learns to brag. Boy (boastful): Herr check this out. That that girl we keep bumping into, you know, the girl with the awesome boobs, she just asked me out. Friends (in awe): Oh, yeah?! That’s hot, dude†¦ O what are you goanna do? Lay her this weekend? Boy (Check magnet): Ha ha ha ha†¦ We’ll find out, won’t we†¦? The bib scores, looks good in front of his friends, get a date and a swollen ego and thinks he’s a chick magnet. The girl may be very sweet, but he doesn’t care. All he cares about is the fact that the girl asked him out. So he must be charming, sexy and could get any girl he wanted. Everyone else soon finds out the girl asked out the guy out. The girl appears needy and easy to get. The guy looks like a rock star. You see, it’s easy to ask a guy out. But when you do that, almost all guys lose the point. He won’t realize hat a nice girl asked him out, he’ll assume he’s really good and all girls will love him. Guys make their own lives harder, but they like it the way it is. Learn to play hard to get and guys, as much as they hate it, will love you for it. Of course, a girl can ask a guy out and the relationship may even go very far on the road of happy love. But in most cases, it doesn’t work in the girl’s favor. Men love the idea of having women swooning over them. Why do you think Bond is such a big hit? For his well cut suits? And what about the axe effects? While guys may feel relieved to cut straight to the chase, or in the case even skip he chase completely, they won’t add you into the equation. For a guy that moment when you ask him out isn’t a chapter in the book Of romance. It’s the first step towards realizing how sexy he is! Now many guys may disagree and claim that they love confident woman whoosh the cones to walk up to a guy and ask him out. But this isn’t always the case. At the end of the day, let’s face it. All a girl has to do is drop a few signs and if a guy does like her back, he’ll probably pop the question even before the girl thinks it. Less safer, and an easier way to get to know if a guy likes you, sans the embarrassment of a guy turning oh down. [ The real truth] So can a girl ask out a guy ever? There’s just one type of guy where a girl asking a guy out is the only way forward. If you’ve fallen for a cute shy guy. These guys are nice, but they’re just so shy and awkward, it’s embarrassing! You can walk past them with a marching band singing â€Å"she’s in love with you† and the guy might just sniffle and try to slip behind the wallpaper. Do curfews keep teens out of trouble ? Even with a curfew teens will do what they want to do. If that means sneaking out, lying or skipping school or etc. Sneaking out gives a teen a thrill and like they are inconvertible. That just sakes them more likely to do much more dangerous stuff. Also, having a curfew just adds stress on teen, because they will freak out about running late and traffic causing them to be late Do curfews keep teens out of trouble? F anyone says that kids will be too scared so sneak out, well wouldn’t they be to break an actual law? Does curfew real keep teens out of trouble? Curfews give teens the chance to change and it works because they have less time out to cause the trouble and get Pregnant do vandalism, go stealing take drugs, smoke Cigarettes, and have under age sex get involved. With the police and Intimidating Behavior. That’s the reason many people believe curfews are a good idea however giving your child a curfew is not going to stop them from doing all this stuff. They may not do it during the night or during their curfew but they may be doing it at day time or even skip school and go get in trouble. Having a curfew does not decrease crimes. Numerous articles by credible sources such as the (National Center for Policy Analysis, the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice, and the US Department of Justice) all unanimously agree that curfew, in fact, does NOT lower young crime rates of any kind. Does curfews keep teens out of trouble? Also, I found that the amount of arrests in young for breaking curfew greatly outnumbers the amount of arrests in young for any other crime in young. All of this goes to show that curfews in fact have no effect, and that teaching young teens to have morals and know what is right and what is wrong is greatly more effective than curfews. I’ve had my share of sneaking out, and staying out WAY past the time my parents set before me. It’s only because if you say I can’t do something, want to prove everyone wrong and say that I can do that, and you can’t do anything to stop me. How to cite Dating Etiquette and Curfews for Teens, Papers

Romeo v Conservation Commission of Northern Territory Case Sample

Question: Describe about the Romeo v Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory. Answer: Background of the Case In the said case the plaintiff was socializing and drinking around certain cliffs that were being managed by the Defendant.[1] She by mistake walked off this cliff thereby injuring her self seriously in the process. The defendant was sued by the plaintiff on the account that there was a failure on the part of the Defendant to provide a fence so that the risk could have been prevented. Issue The High Court of Australia in the said case was reengaged in the difficult issue of the liability of a public authority which was there under common law. This area of law, as has been noted by Kirby J. in the said judgment has been described as being unsettled, unsatisfactory which lacks practical and foreseeable outcomes and as operating as inefficiently and ineffectively. This case is considered to be another successor to the case of Nagle v Rottnest Island Authority[2] a decision that had placed on the statutory authorities a heavy onus for avoiding any type of liability in case of negligence. It was never disputed in the said case that there was duty of care which was owed by the authority. However the issue in the case was the nature, content and origin of the said duty and the application of authorities which were relevant and this was dealt in the Courts six separate judgments. Therefore the main issues that were raised in the said case was with respect to: Breach of Duty Calculus of negligence; and Obvious Risk. Rule of Law The case of the appellant in the said case was that there was a breach of duty on the part of the Commission towards the plaintiff to prevent her from falling as they had not installed lighting that was adequate, there was no warning that was given with respect to the cliffs presence or there was no barrier or fence that had been erected by them on the edge of the cliff. There has been a replacement of the old occupiers liability with the principles of general negligence in the case of Australian Safeway Stores v Zaluzna[3], it appeared in this case that the statement of the appellant was framed in the terms of this liability which was outdated. However, reliance had been placed by the appellant at the time of argument on the rule of law that has been established under the Nagle case that there should have been positive steps that the Commission should have taken with respect to the prevention of fall from the cliff. It was argued that all that is necessary for imposition of a duty was that the risk was foreseeable that there was a chance that there was someone who could fall down the cliff, especially given that that many visitors to the place, were youthful and exuberant and there was also a possibility which was there of alcohol consumption. On the other hand it was argued by the respondent that the case of Nagel was a distinguishable one, and eve n if the case wasnt a distinguishable one, it needed to be spawned as putting upon the public authorities a duty which was too great of controlling the land which was in use by the public. In the case of Nagle[4] the island was being controlled by the statutory authorities had encouraged the public to swim over there to was found that there was breach of duty to care towards the swimmers as there was failure on the part of the statutory authority to warn with respect to the dangers that were there of diving into the water and striking on the rock that was submerged. The standard of care was set down in the case by majority as the action that a reasonable person in the respondent's situation would have taken to guard against the foreseeable risk of injury which existed. Taking into account the possibility that one or more of the persons to whom the duty is owed might fail to take proper care for his or her, own safety." Angel J. the trial judge in this case had refused the case of ap pellant. The Nagel Case was distinguished on the basis that in that case there was a failure to warn regarding a danger which was hidden where if there would have been a warning sign the same would have acted as a deterrent that was effective. The trial judge in its judgment relied on the judgment by Dixon J in the case of Aiken v Kingborough Corp[5]. in which there was duty that was owed by the public authority which was described as ... [t]he member of the public, entering as of common right, is entitled to expect care for his safety measured according to the nature of the premises ...[T]he public authority in control of such premises is under an obligation to take reasonable care to prevent injury to such a person through dangers arising from the state or condition of the premises which are not apparent and are not to be avoided by the exercise ofordinary care. The operational/policy distinction was also invoked by Angel J. which was explained in the case Sutherland Shire Council v Heyman[6], where it was maintained that there should not be deciding upon questions related to policy by the court which was entrusted by the legislature upon the statutory authority. The decision of the commission as to whether or not there should have been positive steps to sign or fence the area would have involved questions relating to resources and budget allocation which by statute was the Commissions responsibility and not the aspect to be adjudged by the court. Application On application of the rules of law it was opined in this case that only because there was a foreseeable risk it does not mean that there is requirement to do something. It is not correct to read the past authority as that any risk that can be reasonably foreseen however, remote the same might be, must in every situation be guarded against. There should rather be measures and these measures would be determined by inquiring into the circumstances that were relevant. The factors which were considered in this case were[7]: Low probability: There was no injury that had occurred in the area in the last 100 years hence the probability of harm was low. Limited Source: Since the defendant is a public authority the resources are limited and spending money for accidents that are improbably would mean siphoning resources from something important. Obvious Risk: The Plaintiff should have known regarding the danger that was obvious. The fencing would damage the Natural look of the area. High Burden: The burden is very high for erecting a fence everywhere therefore the risk would be costly as well undermining aesthetic sites attraction. There are various interesting examinations of rules of law that have been furnished in the case of Romeo from various different perspectives relating to the liability for negligence of a public authority that is exercising over a land control, it was a case which precedentially rather perplexing for the application of the rules of law. There was diversity which is was with respect to the expressed judicial opinion, even amongst those judges which formed the majority while applying the rules of law to the case, thereby making the said case not entirely satisfactory on the question of whether there has been a proper application of the various authorities which are there.[8] The example which is obvious is the rule of law which was established in the case of Nagle, on one hand it was lamented by the Chief on one hand that there was an inordinate burden that had been placed on the public authorities yet it was insisted by Hayne J. on the other hand that there was no new principle that wa s being established by the Nagle Case and all of the judges except the Chief Justice seems to have applied the principle established in the said case. It was even acknowledged by Kirby J. that there was a considerable criticism that this case subjected to. The Aiken Case was also given a weight that was differing by the majority judges. Brennan CJ was certain that this case completely defined the standard of care which was relevant. For Toohey, Gummow and Hayne, all thought that it was required that it should be read in the light of the Nagle case[9]. Kirby J. on the other hand insisted that the same should be rejected and the forgotten completely. It is quite interesting to note that all the majority judges, expect Hayne J. perhaps, considered that there was an obviousness with respect to the danger and a lack of care by appellant herself, thus limiting the factors which had been enunciated in the case of Aiken. The issues that was central to the case was with respect to the standa rd of care that was owed and whether there was breach of such standard of care, a point that was critical for separation of most of majority from the minority was the fact as the how much it was required of the cliff to be fenced according the case of appellant.[10] It was thought by the minority Gaudron J. that only the area which was near the car park was to be fenced, to which it was added by McHugh J that there were other areas as well from where it was likely that the fall would occur. It was however believed by the majority Gummow, Kirby, Toohey and Hayne JJ believed that it would be important for the Commission to fence the entire cliff for two kilometers, had the argument of the appellant been made out. Though, interestingly the issue was that of causation which could not be divided along the lines of majority and minority. The minority judges obviously thought that there was a proof of causation although it was agreed by them that there could also have been contributory neg ligence but Gummow, Kirby and Toohey JJ there was an agreement regarding causation being made out had there been a breach in duty of erecting a fence of wire.[11] The issue further was that there was compounding of the case further by the mysterious manner in which the girl had fallen off the cliff which could not be resolved conclusively. With respect to the distinction between policy/operation among those who even had mentioned the issue none of the High Court judges were prepared really to committing themselves on a thorough examination or a statement that was definitive with respect to the issue. Conclusion The concept that there were certain kinds of decisions which are non-justifiable which were made by the governmental authority does appear to exist as a principle which is recognizable, but the only conclusion which can be drawn certainly about this case is that the ratio of this case shall not come to play in the case where on substantive grounds a matter can be dispensed such as there being no substantive ground for breach of duty. There might be a sense of relief that is felt from the public authorities who have been given the charge of the management and control of the land of the public including the insurers, for the Nagel case does not appear to yield the outcome in their favor and that a risk which is foreseeable is not equalt to foregone conclusion that there will be a liability on the authority. Although there does not exist a coause for complacency, as there is no settlement in this area of law and there are a number of interpretation which can be provided by this case on the public authorities liability since Nagel. References Aiken v Kingborough Corp[1939] 62 CLR 179 at 209 Australian Safeway Stores v Zaluzna[1987] 162 CLR 479 Nagle v Rottnest Island Authority[1993] 177 CLR 423 Romeo v Conservation Commission[1998] 151 ALR 263 Sutherland Shire Council v Heyman[1985] HCA 41